OBJECTIVE: Breast cancer is one of the most important causes of death in women. The association of different diagnostic methods has been successfully employed as a means to enhance early diagnosis. In this scenario, the interventional and diagnostic breast ultrasound has played a significant role. This study has two main objectives: to identify echographic criteria related to benignancy and malignancy and to analyze echographic characteristics, evaluating their role as malignancy predictors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Echographic morphological criteria adopted in the images description were: shape, limits, contour, echogenicity, echotexture, echotransmission, lesion orientation, and secondary signs. Validation was sought on 450 echographic images compared with follow-up and histopathological results. RESULTS: Main benignancy criteria were: well defined shape, regular contour, precise limits, lesions isoechoic to fatty tissue, homogeneous echotexture, and horizontal orientation. The criteria more typically related to malignancy were: ill-defined shape, irregular contour, partially precise limits, and hypoechogenicity. Contour irregularity has presented the greatest sensitivity (92.7%) as well as the highest negative predictive value (98.2%), while vertical orientation of the lesion has presented the greatest specificity (99.3%), and ill-defined shape, the highest positive predictive value (91.0%). CONCLUSION: The standardization of the method for characterization and description of breast ultrasound images has resulted in reports uniformization and optimization, allowing more appropriate therapeutic decisions.

Keywords: Ultrasound, Breast lesions, Diagnosis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the positive predictive value for BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) categories 3, 4 and 5, correlating mammographic and histological diagnosis in non-palpable breast lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analytical-descriptive study of 169 women submitted to stereotactic localization for surgical biopsy of non-palpable breast lesions. Mammographic and histological findings were correlated, analyzing the predictive positive value for each category. RESULTS: Forty-two (24.8%) cases were diagnosed with breast cancer - only one in category 3, 19 in category 4, and 22 in category 5. The positive predictive value for categories 3, 4A, 4B, 4C and 5 were, respectively, 3.4%, 10.3%, 11.3%, 36% and 91.7%. Microcalcifications were the most frequent finding related to malignancy, present in 61.5% of these cases. CONCLUSION: The present study has demonstrated that BI-RADS allows a safe prediction of high suspicion of malignancy in lesions category 5 and low suspicion for category 3. As regards the category 4, the positive predictive value has shown a progressive increase in subcategories A, B and C, demonstrating that this subclassification represents an invaluable contribution for a more detailed and accurate assessment of lesions suspicious for malignancy.

Keywords: Breast cancer, Mammography, BI-RADS, Histological diagnosis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the yielding of chest computed tomography in comparison with mediastinoscopy for detection of mediastinal nodal metastases in patients with bronchial carcinoma, and identifying the most problematic regions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have analyzed 195 patients with bronchial carcinoma, comparing the findings of chest computed tomography and mediastinoscopy with biopsy. RESULTS: As regards mediastinal nodal metastasis, 33.9% of patients presented peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar nodal metastases, 46.1% ipsilateral and/or subcarinal mediastinal metastases, and 20% contralateral mediastinal and/or hilar, scalenic or supraclavicular metastatic disease. Higher sensitivity values were found in the following regions: right tracheobronchial, right upper paratracheal, and left upper paratracheal. Higher specificity values were found in the following nodal regions: left upper paratracheal, right upper paratracheal and tracheobronchial. CONCLUSION: Chest computed tomography has shown to be an important diagnostic tool for detection of mediastinal lymph nodes abnormalities. However, the neoplastic nature of such mediastinal nodes should be confirmed by means of mediastinoscopy or even thoracotomy, aiming at making the correct decision regarding the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Keywords: Lung cancer, Computed tomography, Mediastinoscopy

OBJECTIVE: To select the best mathematical algorithms for lumbar spine imaging studies to assess arthrodesis with metal implant. MATERIALS E METHODS: The images acquisition was performed with a multidetector (16 rows) CT scanner, and 2 mm and 4 mm slice thickness. Images of ten patients were reconstructed with filters 20, 40, 60 and 80, employing multiplanar three-dimensional volume-rendering techniques. A total of 320 images were evaluated by three experienced radiologists who rated the images from 1 to 5 (1 = unacceptable; 2 = substandard; 3 = acceptable; 4 = above the average; 5 = excellent). Additionally, noise measurements were performed for correlation with the type of filter utilized. RESULTS: For 2 mm thickness and filters 20, 40, 60 e 80, mean noise measurements for images reconstruction were, respectively, 24.7 ± 4.3, 35.5 ± 4.2, 106.0 ± 18.5 and 145.9 ± 26.9, and for 4 mm and filters 20, 40, 60 and 80 were, respectively, 18.1 ± 2.4, 25.1 ± 4.6, 76.7 ± 17.2 and 106.6 ± 23.4. CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional color images could be better visualized with filter 20; however, in the case of gray-scale, filters 40 or 60 could be useful to demonstrate the arthrodesis pedicle screws in higher detail. For multiplanar reconstructions with 2 mm slice thickness, the filter 40 was the most appropriate, and for 4 mm, a filter 60 presented a better image quality.

Keywords: Computed tomography, Arthrodesis, Lumbar spine, Image quality

OBJECTIVE: To compare the new normatization of bone densitometry reports on findings at the level of the lumbar spine (L1-L4) proposed by International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) in 2005, with the classification of World Health Organization (WHO) that was routinely been utilized since 1994. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bone densitometry studies performed on the lumbar spine of 200 patients at Universidade Católica de Brasília and Hospital das Forças Armadas, Brasília, DF, Brazil, have been evaluated. Inclusion criteria were: female gender, age ranging between 20 and 49 years, and absence of spine morphological changes visualized on the images. The exclusion criteria were: women more than 50 years or menopausal women. RESULTS: Analyzing the bone densitometry reports under the WHO classification, 29 patients were found with osteoporosis, 76 with osteopenia and 95 within normality levels. On the other hand, according to the new ISCD 2005 classification, only 32 patients presented results "below the expected range for age", and 162 "within the expected range for age". CONCLUSION: Significant differences were found when comparing the traditional WHO densitometric classification versus the new one proposed by ISCD 2005. So, this new classification should be known and understood by physicians who request or perform bone densitometry studies, aiming at the correct interpretation, explanation and orientation to the patients.

Keywords: Densitometry, Osteoporosis, Spine, Bone density

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance and quality of images of a x-ray equipment utilized in interventional radiology, by means of some tests of quality control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Measurements have been performed on a Philips Integris H3000 x-ray equipment dedicated to interventional procedures in the hemodynamics laboratory of a hospital in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Leeds test objects have been used to evaluate the image quality. Dosimetric measurements have been developed with a Radcal 9015 dosimetric system. RESULTS: In high and normal modes, the air kerma rates have been different from the expected results. In some cases, values have not been affected by the use of different magnification modes. The images quality evaluation has showed different results from those recommended by technical standards. This could lead to the acquisition of poor quality images besides an increase in the radiation exposure levels for both patients and staff. CONCLUSION: The results have shown the importance of a periodical quality control testing, allowing the monitoring of the x-ray equipment performance and evaluation of radiation exposure levels for both patients and staff. The results suggest the need of a revision of the x-ray images acquisition system.

Keywords: Interventional radiology, Hemodynamics, Quality control

OBJECTIVE: To propose a model of a program of medical residence in radiology and diagnostic imaging comprising theoretical and practical training. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The program was based on a literature review and critical analysis, following recommendations from Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (Brazilian College of Radiology and Image Diagnosis) and Comissão Nacional de Residência Médica (National Commission for Medical Residency), and based on the program of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. RESULTS: The present proposal has been developed for a three-year-duration program divided into modules by subspecialties or diagnostic methods. Objectives have been described and targeted proficiencies specified. Evaluation models have been presented and discussed. CONCLUSION: Changes in the current teaching-learning model have become necessary because of the increasing information availability and fast technological development in the latest years. The hierarchical organization of the knowledge acquisition process with essential programmatic contents allows an appropriate education of the future specialist. It is anticipated that the present proposal may contribute to improve the medical residency programs, thus stimulating the implementation of a countrywide model.

Keywords: Medical residency, Radiology, Imaging diagnosis, Medical education

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the present study was to evaluate radiodiagnosis services in two public hospitals with x-ray equipment in the city of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Interviews, measurements and direct observation were performed, following the Brazilian legislation in force, especially the Order (Portaria) SVS/MS 453 of 1998 of the Ministry of Health establishing the basic guidelines for radiation exposure protection in medical and odontological x-ray facilities. RESULTS: The data indicated a high rate of non-compliance with the legislation in both radiological services, especially concerning poor equipment operation, and non-compliance with some safety protocols. CONCLUSION: Basically, technical and operational infractions have occurred as a result of a broad unfamiliarity with the legislation, the absence of a preventive equipment maintenance program, besides low investment in training and/or courses for professional updating. Therefore, a considerable number of simple and complex changes are demanded to improve the quality of the investigated radiodiagnosis services.

Keywords: Radiodiagnosis services, Service evaluation, Exposure risk, Acre State

The nasopharynx is located in the upper aerodigestive tract. Its roof is formed by the basisphenoid, basiocciput and the anterior aspect of the first two cervical vertebrae, in front of the clivus. The lateral walls are formed by the margins of the superior constrictor muscle and the pharyngobasilar fascia, pharyngeal recess, torus tubarius and pharyngeal opening of auditory tube. The inferior margin of the nasopharynx is a horizontal plane passing through the hard palate and palatopharyngeal muscle. Anteriorly, it is in direct continuity with the nasal cavity through the posterior choanae. It is approximately 2.0 cm in anteroposterior diameter and about 4.0 cm in craniocaudal extent. Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for about 70% to 98% of nasopharyngeal malignant lesions found in adults. This tumor presents a high incidence in Asians, most frequently in men, and is the third most frequent cancer in women. The clinical presentation of this disease depends on the size and site of the lesion, with small-sized lesions being asymptomatic. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging play essential and complementary roles in the staging and treatment of patients with nasopharyngeal cancer.

Keywords: Computed tomography, Nasopharynx, Tumor, Carcinoma

Sacroiliitis is a non-infectious inflammatory process involving the sacroiliac joint, and is a diagnostic criterion for seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Imaging methods are of great value for confirming the diagnosis of this condition. The present study is a review of cases included in didactic files and in the literature to illustrate the anatomy, techniques, and main imaging findings in x-ray, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for determining the diagnosis of sacroiliitis, also approaching main differential diagnoses.

Keywords: Sacroiliitis, Spondyloarthropathy, X-ray, Computed tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging

Pathological processes of the testis are very frequently found, and include non-tumoral and tumoral lesions. Ultra-sonography performed with a high-frequency transducer has become the imaging modality of choice for examination of these organs. This method is of help to improve intratesticular lesions characterization, and in many instances the findings suggest a more specific diagnosis, especially in the presence of similar clinical manifestations such as pain, swelling and local increase in volume. Color Doppler is an invaluable tool for demonstrating anomalous patterns of testicular perfusion and aids in the diagnosis of acute clinical conditions. In the present iconographic essay, the authors summarize the most frequent clinical, pathological findings as well as the main diagnostic features of benign intratesticular lesions such as microlithiasis, simple cysts, spermatocele, varicocele, tubular ectasia of the rete testis, orchitis, hematomas and more rare conditions. Familiarity with clinical and sonographic features is essential for the correct diagnosis and starting of the most effective therapy, as necessary.

Keywords: Testis, Benign testicular lesions, Ultrasonography, Color Doppler

The authors present a case of a 2-month-old infant affected by the recessive form of chondrodysplasia punctata, a rare condition radiologically characterized by severe proximal shortening and anomalous ossification (epiphyseal stippling) of the limbs. Clinical and radiological findings as well as main differential diagnoses are emphasized on the basis of data originating from a brief literature review.

Keywords: Chondrodysplasia punctata, Bone dysplasia, Peroxisomal disorders